R. Soc. EU countries have drawn up National Action Plans to implement the range of actions set out in the Directive. Kharissova, O. V., Kharisov, B. I., Oliva Gonzlez, C. M., Mendez, Y. P., and Lopez, I. Int. From the foregoing, it is evident that GCP7 is the most critical resource for biopesticides, whose improvement lies in green technology and research breakthrough. The main actions relate to training of users, advisors and distributors of pesticides, inspection of pesticide application equipment, the prohibition of aerial spraying, limitation of pesticide use in sensitive areas, and information and awareness raising about pesticide risks. The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry and the significance mnemonic of green analytical practices. Basic principles of green chemistry, in New Trends in Green Chemistry (Dordrecht: Springer). So far BVT has used bee vectoring for blueberries, strawberries, tomatoes, sunflowers and almonds. J. A., Simon, R. V., Jacobs, M., Pollard, L. D., and van Bergen, S. K. (2021). Crops Products 110, 29. B Biol. Cell Biol. Environ. 230, 21292147. Up to 98% of a crop spray wont stay on the plant but will instead bounce straight off, accumulating in the soil and eventually running off into waterways. In the meantime, as the world waits for research advances to address the drawbacks, presently, crude extracts of pesticidal plants can be relied on, especially for local farmers and developing countries. So Varasani has been tinkering with separating solutions into two components. Glavic, P., Pintaric, Z. N., and Bogataj, M. (2021). IPM is one of the tools for low-pesticide-input pest management, and IPM must be implemented by all professional users. The main purpose of this web-portal is to provide. Z., O'Rear, J., Schellenberger, U., Rosen, B. (2013). Alexa Alexander Trusiak, an ecotoxicologist with Environment and Climate Change Canada and the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton, is intrigued by possible applications of waste-reducing technologies like those being developed by Varasani. Rev. Instead of sunlight, energy for photosynthesis is provided via LED lights, adjusted to provide greens with a tailored spectrum, intensity and frequency. Proc. (2018). Pesticide pollution. Environ. doi: 10.2174/1573411017999201125124513, Parker, K. M., and Sander, M. (2017). Examples include essential oil, semiochemicals, plant growth-promoting regulators, insect growth regulators, secondary metabolites, and natural minerals (Ghongade and Sangha, 2021; Singh et al., 2021). When they are sprayed onto the leaf, they attract the water-based pesticide solution, helping droplets stick to the otherwise water-repelling leaf. Nanobiopesticides: composition and preparation methods, in Nano-Biopesticides Today and Future Perspectives, ed O. Koul (London: Academic Press), 69131. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00542.x, Adhikari, K., Bhandari, S., Niraula, D., and Shrestha, J. 1477. The main measures include: Other key measures include requiring Member States to set positive targets to increase the use of non-chemical pest control methods and requiring farmers and other professional users of pesticides to obtain independent advice on alternative methods to ensure greater uptake of non-chemical pest control methods. Today 3, 100102. doi: 10.1111/nph.17319. Our food supply chains are increasingly globalised, with crops grown on one continent to be consumed on another. Second Report from the Commission (May 2020) and Annex to the European Parliament and the Council on the experience gained by Member States on the implementation of national targets established in their National Action Plans and on progress in the implementation of Directive 2009/128/EC on the sustainable use of pesticides. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12806, Keywords: biopesticides, environmental stewardship, green chemistry, SDGs, sustainable agriculture, Citation: Fenibo EO, Ijoma GN and Matambo T (2021) Biopesticides in Sustainable Agriculture: A Critical Sustainable Development Driver Governed by Green Chemistry Principles. Is it possible to transform the way we farm so that agriculture doesnt compromise the natural environment? J. Sci Edu. But while it's a good use of marginal land, it is not a substitute for outdoor farms. Some farmers prefer not to use pesticides at all, says Hannah Wittman, academic director at the Centre for Sustainable Food Systems at the University of British Columbia. Recent trends in plant-and microbe-based biopesticide for sustainable crop production and environmental security, in Recent Developments in Microbial Technologies, eds R. Prasad, V. Kumar, J. Singh, and C. P. Upadhyaya (Singapore: Springer), 137. Figure 1. These goals are reflected in GC, which aims to mitigate harmful chemicals from production down to application, process safety, optimal energy consumption, and improved economy (Tickner et al., 2021). Biopesticide-driven sustainable agriculture can reduce poverty (SDG1: No Poverty) and address hunger (SDG2: Zero Hunger). For now, vertical farms are a niche market for vitamin-rich, calorie-poor baby greens and herbs. Processes 9:148. doi: 10.3390/pr9010148, Gonalves, A. L. (2021). He found one strain particularly good at fighting plant disease. These new proposals, adopted on 22 June 2022, are part of a package of measures to reduce the environmental footprint of the EUs food system and help mitigate the economic losses that we are already suffering due to climate change and biodiversity loss. Rev. Chem. The limitations of vertical farming, she cautions, are that they are energy and nutrient-intensive. Green chemistry: principles and practice. Egyp. Highlights of the impacts of green and sustainable chemistry on industry, Academia and Society in the USA. But farmers and researchers are already developing the tools that will be needed to make it happen. Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales) effects on Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). High-tech is not very accessible to many people, says Soma. Bioavailability and environmental safety of nanobiopesticides, in Nano-biopesticides Today and Future Perspectives, ed O. Koul (London: Academic Press), 207222. Green Chem. 74, 312. The two priority mass-based metrics upon which the GC partly rest on are atomic economy (AE) and environmental impact factor (E factor). Follow the Food investigates how agriculture is responding to the profound challenges of climate change, environmental degradation and a rapidly growing global population. Greenhouse gas emissions. However, the wastes are resourceful since they can be used for farmland improvement through compost manuring, pathogen suppression, and soil bioremediation (Rai et al., 2021; Tyagi and Kumar, 2021). Fields of crops and pastures for animals occupy an extraordinary 40% of available global land. We acknowledge the Centre for Oil-field Chemical Research for their facilities that made this publication lot easier. Biochemical biopesticides are compounds (or exact synthetic analog) of natural origin possessing active ingredients that control pest by mechanisms that are non-toxic to the target pest, the environment and humans (Kumar, 2012; Reddy and Chowdary, 2021). Genomics, proteomics and transcriptomics in the biological control of plant pathogens: a review. The AE measures the content of reactants present in the final products (Koulougliotis et al., 2021) while the E factor measures the waste amount in 1 kg mass of the target product, exempting water (Hechelski et al., 2021). These principles, largely, are geared toward cost-effectiveness, enhanced productivity, environmental protection, process safety, sustainable production, and consumption. doi: 10.29303/jbl.v4i1.630, Wei, J. These multiple modes of action against targeted pests obliterate the chances of developing resistance as is common with chemical pesticides. Deravel, J., Krier, F., and Jacques, P. (2014). The twelve principles of green chemistry, in ACS Symposium Series, 401436. There are few human activities that have changed the worlds landscapes and environment more than farming. The direct result of the declining number of classical pesticides is the increased demand for biopesticides for some beneficial reasons. But the way we grow food on these vast swathes of land is putting increasing pressure on nature. 237, 234241. Microbial surfactants: the next generation multifunctional biomolecules for applications in the petroleum industry and its associated environmental remediation. Received: 19 October 2020; Accepted: 06 April 2021; Published: 11 June 2021. Creating new and sustainable food systems that can support the worlds population is going to mean rethinking the fundamentals of farming, from the resources used, to where it happens and its basic relationship with nature. The University of British Columbia's Hannah Wittman agrees that vertical farming enterprises in the city, which could use roofs and heat capture from buildings, could be a means to grow more fresh leafy greens locally. Novel biopesticide based on a spider venom peptide shows no adverse effects on honeybees. 5:619058. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.619058. Shingote, P. R., Moharil, M. P., and Dhumale, D. R. (2013). ACS Sustain. doi: 10.1186/s41938-021-00366-w, Sadof, C. S., Mockus, L., and Ginzel, M. D. (2021). Sujayanand, G. K., Sheelamary, S., and Prabhu, G. (2021). Greener synthesis of chemical compounds and materials. Biopesticides are competitive subclass of pesticides that are naturally occurring organisms or compounds that suppress the growth and proliferation of pests' population by diverse mechanisms of action, excluding those that interfere with pests' nervous systems (Tijjani et al., 2016; Marrone, 2019; Nuruzzaman et al., 2019; Wattimena and Latumahina, 2021). Nuruzzaman, M., Liu, Y., Rahman, M. M., Dharmarajan, R., Duan, L., Uddin, A. F. M. J., et al. Methodol. IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management. Growing demand for food has polluted much of the worlds water, soil and air with excess fertilisers and chemical sprays, which are remarkably inefficient. J. Biol. 47, 6372. Tyagi, B., and Kumar, N. (2021). As an agro-chemical, biopesticides are unique for being biodegradable (GCP10) and have a low E factor, thus meeting the criterion of a safer chemical (GCP4). Kalpana, T., and Anil, K. (2021). A review of biopesticides and their plant phytochemicals information. 35, 11991215. Biochem. Microbial biopesticides, biochemical biopesticides, and plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) are the well-known categories of biopesticides, and they command 5% share of the pesticide global market, with microbial biopesticide taking the lead (Pathma et al., 2021). Technology is no panacea. Biopesticide-driven agriculture shows to link GC and sustainable development on four dimensions: (1) environmental safety, (2) judicious use of resource, (3) productivity, and (4) safety/cost effective technology. Theres always the possibility of some escape, says Labb. 3, 613.
Consequently, their use in commercial farming is attracting regulatory restrictions leading to 2% decline per year in synthetic pesticides use in favor of 10% increase of biopesticides as alternative agrochemicals (Damalas and Koutroubas, 2018). Current status and recent developments in biopesticide use. GI carried out the initial review. Environ. One tiny hero being carried by the bees is Clonostrachys rosea, a naturally occurring fungus discovered by John Sutton, a plant pathologist now retired from the University of Guelph, Ontario. Sustain. Sequencing technology is critical for strain selection during bioprocessing of active microbial agent and insecticidal gene targeting (Glare and Moran-Diez, 2016; Peralta et al., 2021). Agricultural yields will effectively increase at the lowest cost when pests are controlled using biopesticides following the sequence of the eight IPM principles outlined in ANNEX III of the Framework Directive 2009/128/EC (Barzman et al., 2015), which are prevention and suppression, monitoring, decision-making, non-chemical methods, pesticide selection, reduced pesticide use, anti-resistance strategies, and evaluation. So you add another layer of vulnerability that shapes how we might be able to access food and how food is grown.. Though the 12 principles are more oriented to the chemical process at the bench scale, they can still be linked to agriculture (Gauszka et al., 2013; Abdussalam-Mohammeda et al., 2020) with efficient utilization of renewable resource and waste elimination as the most influential dimensions (Sheldon, 2017). Agric. Fenibo, E. O., Ijoma, G. N., Selvarajan, R., and Chikere, C. B. J. Belantara. Overall, biopesticides from a GC perspective are intricately connected to renewable feedstock (GCP7), green product (GCP4, 10), waste minimization (GCP1, 2, 11), energy efficiency (GCP6, GCP9), and process safety (GCP12). Overview of biopolymers: resources, demands, sustainability, and life cycle assessment modeling and simulation, in Biopolymers and Their Industrial Applications, eds S. Thomas, S. Gopi, and A. Amalraj (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 119. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Control. At the same time, conversion of land from wild spaces to farming is driving biodiversity loss, as wild plants and animals have less space to live in. But their success with pesticides has been limited. doi: 10.4172/2155-6202.1000e107. doi: 10.1080/09670874.2019.1664789, Maciel, H., Zingaretti, S., and Maciel, G. (2014). 4, 408423. Physiol. Biomass of ryegrass from field experiments: toward a cost-effective and efficient biosourced catalyst for the synthesis of moclobemide. 58:126965. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126965, Sarethy, I. P., and Saharan, A. 17, 113. The combination of an already arid region with heavy water use for traditional agriculture and less reliable rainfall due to climate change, is depleting aquifers natural underground water storehouses. 6, 3248. Biopesticides for pests control: a review. Over his career, Sutton isolated over 1,400 different strains of this fungus found on farms. Liu, X., Cao, A., Yan, D., Ouyang, C., Wang, Q., and Li, Y. Abdussalam-Mohammeda, A., Alia, A. Q., and Errayes, A. O. The use of microalgae and cyanobacteria in the improvement of agricultural practices: a review on their biofertilising, biostimulating and biopesticide roles. (2007). Compared with planting seeds in a field, AeroFarms crops grow in half the time. The effectiveness of the application of pesticides, including biopesticides, is maximal when incorporated in IPM (Quarles, 2013).
Radwan, E. M., El-Malla, M. A., Fouda, M. A., and Mesbah, R. A. S. (2018). Stewardship of the natural resources is required for the continuous exploitation of the environment for agricultural productivity (SDG6: Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG12: Sustainable Consumption and Production, SDG14: Life Under Water and SDG15: Life on Land). (2019). After testing this coating technology on ketchup, mayonnaise, honey and other sticky foods, they started thinking about the life cycle of agrochemicals from manufacturing to packaging, dosing, delivery and disposal, recognising an opportunity to improve dosing and reduce waste. Microorganisms 7:581. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7110581, Gauszka, A., Migaszewski, Z., and Namienik, J. One way to reduce their impact, however, is to bring farming indoors, making it a lot more contained. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198107, Sheldon, R. A. Hence, vertical farming where leafy greens like lettuce, kale and rocket are grown behind closed doors, without soil or sunlight. doi: 10.1002/ps.5433, Marteel-Parrish, A., and Newcity, K. M. (2017). Chem. We simply don't know yet if or how some of the most cutting-edge additives being developed will persist in the environment, she says. Principle 6 is concerned with an efficient and judicious use of energy achieved through catalysis, solventless reactions, synthetic photochemistry, and microwave-assisted synthesis (Jessop et al., 2008; Kharissova et al., 2019). For instance, there has been a reduction to 250 active ingredients of conventional pesticides in 2009 as opposed to more than 1,000 in 2001 while entrance of new conventional pesticides into the market reduced from 70 in 2000 to 28 in 2012 (McDougall, 2013). Manag. So they maybe can afford to let some of the pests live.. Plant Biotechnol. Plant Biotechnol. Biol. Front. Appraisal of Positive Pesticides Influence on pink bollworm larvae, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). 4, 6674. The Commission has carried out an evaluation of the sustainable use of pesticides directive and an impact assessment of its possible future revision. Efficacy of biopesticides against the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), on parthenocarpic cucumber grown under protected environment in India. Genome sequence analysis and insecticidal characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Bt-UNVM_94, a strain showing dual insecticidal activity against Lepidopteran and Coleopteran pests. Experts from many corners of research and innovation say yes, but it will require a rethink of what foods can be grown where, when and for how long. 33, 120. Inoculated with this fungus at the right time, it can stop pesky grey mould from growing on strawberries, for example. Effectiveness of botanical biopesticides with different concentrations of termite mortality. doi: 10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2020.4.4, Abu-Dieyeh, M. H., and Watson, A. K. (2007). Manchikanti, P. (2019). Tijjani, A., Bashir, K. A., Mohammed, I., Muhammad, A., Gambo, A., and Habu, M. (2016). Agrochemicals are often shipped in plastic containers as concentrates that gets diluted at the farm. Lentis). Rep. 15, 1325. Search 8, 5558. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture requires energy (SDG7: Affordable Energy), technology, and innovation (SDG9). Metrics of green chemistry and sustainability: past, present, and future.
Ann. 14, 2142. These metrics are covered under the 12 principles of GC. 4, 18. Many new innovations have the potential to redesign global food systems to make them sustainable. Johnson Matthey Technol. The trick is to start small. While expecting these limitations to be addressed through research breakthroughs in the coming years, farmers, especially in rural areas, can take advantage of a crude plant extract in protecting plants for improved yield (Stevenson et al., 2017). Romanian Soc. *Correspondence: Emmanuel O. Fenibo, feniboe1478@gmail.com, Definition and Categories of Biopesticides, Prospects and Limitation of Biopesticides, Biopesticides as Drivers of Sustainable Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Green Chemistry in Sustainable Agriculture and SDGs, https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.619058, https://croplifeeurope.eu/information-page/regulatory-affairs/publications-regulatory-affairs, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).