Frequency not reported: Oliguria, anuria, crystalluria, diuresis, dysuria, hematuria, urgency changes, abnormal elevations in urine protein levels Respiratory Frequency not reported : Cough, dyspnea /shortness of breath, pulmonary infiltrates/lung infiltration, epistaxis, eosinophilic/allergic alveolitis, wheezing [ Ref ] Creatinine clearance is a direct measure of GFR, and serial creatinine clearance testing provides a more efficient and accurate assessment of However, a low GFR is not necessarily associated with a parallel reduction in urine output, which can vary from oliguria (<400 to 500 mL/day) to normal values (eg, 1 to 2 L/day) [].Although oliguria is common in patients with AKI, anuria Urine output threshold. INTRODUCTION. Contents of the Urine. Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children, and less than 400 mL daily in adults. Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia and myalgia. Frequency not reported: Blood creatinine increased, blood urea increased. sepsis or other sorts of MIT Open Access Articles; Search DSpace. Creatinine is the product of muscle metabolism. Medically, its defined as urinary output above 50 but below 500 ml per day. Several different types of waste products are eliminated in urine (for example, urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine); none are useful in the blood. ISSN. A capillary is a small blood vessel from 5 to 10 micrometres (m) in diameter. Most of these patients do not develop renal failure. Finally, novel biomarkers for renal tissue damage are becoming popular. What are the causes of oliguria? Creatinine production is constant Creatinine is removed only by the kidney Creatinine is filtered but not secreted or reabsorbed Creatinine Production Meat contains 3.5 to 5 mg/g of creatine (68-98 mg/ounce) 65% converted to creatinine during cooking A quarter pounder can generate 350 mg of creatinine. Creatinine Increased, Diarrhea & Oliguria Symptom Checker: Possible causes include Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. In the case of an adult, this means less than 400 milliliters (mL) to 500 mL (around two cups) of urine per 24 hours. Postoperative patients can have complex reasons for low urine output or oliguria. Diagnosis and classification of acute pathology in the kidney is major clinical problem. In brief, the causes are decreased intravascular volume (thus decreased renal perfusion), decreased renal perfusion with normal volume (eg. Transient liver dysfunction, oliguria, and raised creatinine concentrations are common. Many other chemical compounds are also present in urine. What causes oliguria? Oliguria in association with normal plasma creatinine concentration and normal intravascular volume does not require treatment. However, oliguria in association with prerenal azotemia or acute tubular necrosis mandates a search for the cause of renal hypoperfusion, in particular, a careful assessment of intravascular volume status and cardiac function. Creatinine is a more reliable index of glomerular filtration than urea, due to the lower back diffusion of the latter from the tubular lumen to the peritubular blood. In general, creatinine levels vary depending on a persons body size and muscle mass. Stage Change in serum creatinine level Urine output Other; 1: Increase 0.3 mg per dL (26.52 mol per L) or 1.5- to twofold from baseline < 0.5 mL per kg per hour for more than six hours Urinating less frequently and/or producing a smaller amount than usual. The urine is a mixture of water and a number of other chemicals such as potassium, sodium, creatinine and urea. The primary symptom of oliguria is producing less urine than normal. Creatinine clearance is <10 (<15 for diabetics) AND Serum creatinine >8 (> 6 for diabetics) Supporting documentation for CRF: Uremia, oliguria (urine output <400cc/24hrs), intractable hyperkalemia (>7), uremic pericarditis, hepatorenal syndrome, intractable fluid overload Normal to barely intelligible or unintelligible speech It can be defined as an excess of amino acid and protein metabolism end products, such as urea and creatinine, in the blood that would be normally excreted in the urine. Oliguric. Patients who get diuretics may have a higher urinary concentration of sodium due to the diuretic, falsely elevating the fractional excretion of sodium. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of oliguria on urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum cystatin C (CysC) levels in very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs) with a normal serum creatinine (Cr) level. METHODS: In this single-center, retrospective, observational study, we screened 26,984 patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery Molecules such as NGAL or cystatin C may become altered well before creatinine or oliguria signal a condition of reduced kidney function. However, a low GFR is not necessarily associated with a parallel reduction in urine output, which can vary from oliguria (<400 to 500 mL/day) to normal values (eg, 1 to 2 L/day) [].Although oliguria is common in patients with AKI, anuria To test creatinine levels in urine, urine needs to be collected over a period of 24 hours and the container has to be given at the laboratory for analysis.. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination has been demonstrated to reduce thyroid hormone levels to below the normal reference range. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved furosemide to treat conditions with volume overload and edema secondary to congestive heart failure exacerbation, liver failure, or renal failure, including the nephrotic syndrome. However, its relationship with the subsequent development of AKI has not been prospectively evaluated. Inulin clearance and creatinine clearance provide the most accurate calculation of the GFR while serum creatinine can be used together with demographic data to provide an Oliguria: Urine output 400 mL/day [1] Acute kidney injury; Anuria: Urine output 50 mL 10:120:1 can be normal or may indicate a postrenal cause. Oliguria is common in critically ill patients and may result from prerenal, renal, and postrenal causes. For You News & Perspective By continuously varying creatinine/urine output thresholds as well as the observation period, we sought to investigate the empirical relationships among creatinine, oliguria, in-hospital mortality, and receipt of renal Oliguria also frequently develops in patients with normal concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. rangement in patients with acute oliguria is a sudden and severe decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (acute renal failure), sufficient to result in increases in the plasma urea and creatinine concentrations, re-tention of salt and water, and the development of ac-idosis and hyperkalemia. The authors prospectively studied 100 patients admitted to the ICU to Elevated creatinine The physiologic increase in GFR during a normal pregnancy results in a decrease in serum creatinine concentration, which falls by an average of 0.4 mg/dL (35 micromol/L) to a range of 0.4 to 0.8 mg/dL (35 to 70 micromol/L). It is often caused by a failure in the function of the kidneys. Oliguria without serum creatinine increase after living donor liver transplantation is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes. Hypercalcemia, also spelled hypercalcaemia, is a high calcium (Ca 2+) level in the blood serum. To obtain a baseline value for the initial detection of acute kidney injury. Oliguria (urine output <0.5 ml/kg/hr) is an important marker of renal hypoperfusion and evolving acute tubular necrosis. However, urine output must be interpreted with caution. This is a diagnostic test that can tell a physician much about the health of the kidneys. Normal urine output is estimated at 1 mL/kg per hour, or approximately 70 mL/hour. phosphate, sulfate, creatinine, administered drugs) that are normally cleared by the kidneys. An increasing creatinine level is, therefore, a marker of kidney damage. Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Oliguria . Measure serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Oliguria - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Hey, well done! Check our table with the values of urine output characteristic for a healthy person, and someone with poly/oliguria. Introduction: During critical illness, oliguria is often used as a biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI). Symptoms. urine [urin] the fluid containing water and waste products that is secreted by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and discharged by way of the urethra. Oliguria is a medical term for low urine output (how much you pee). Bumetanide is contraindicated in anuria. Although clinical guidelines recommend defining AKI based on serum creatinine increase and oliguria, the validity and utility of the oliguric component of AKI definition remains largely unexplored. It is important and requires investigation because it can be one of the earliest signs of renal failure; however in most cases it can be reversed. Oliguria also frequently develops in patients with normal concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. History and physical examination often suggest a mechanism (eg, recent hypotension, nephrotoxic drug use). The observation periods and thresholds of serum creatinine and urine output defined in the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria were not empirically derived. Oliguria in association with normal plasma creatinine concentration and normal intravascular volume does not require treatment. To prevent oliguria, reversible increases in BUN and creatinine, and azotemia, monitor fluid status and renal function; discontinue therapy if azotemia and oliguria occur during treatment of severe progressive renal disease Half-life: 30-120 min (normal renal function); 9 hr (end-stage renal disease) Dialyzable: No. Which of the following is a cause of AKI that would best fit with these findings? UpToDate, electronic clinical resource tool for physicians and patients that provides information on Adult Primary Care and Internal Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Family Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hematology, Infectious Diseases, Nephrology and Hypertension, Neurology, Oliguria - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the Merck Manuals - Medical Professional Version. In people with suspected acute kidney injury (AKI) who do not require urgent admission to hospital, measure serum creatinine (or refer to a current result if this has already been done) and, taking into account the clinical context, compare with baseline. A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) demonstrates oliguria, a urine osmolality of 550 mOsm/kg H2O, increased urine specific gravity, urine sodium of 15 mEq/L, and a BUN:creatinine ratio of 23:1. 7. Oliguria is when you pee less than usual. Intraabdominal hypertension defined as Multiple organ dysfunction. For adults, that means less than 400 milliliters of urine a day. Oliguria also frequently develops in patients with normal concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Anuria refers to the absence of urine production. It can be defined as a urine output that is less than 500 mL/day in adults. The numbers depend on weight in terms of children and infants. Not all tumor cell lines are sensitive to cell death action of TNF. Categories of causes of oliguria include decreased renal blood flow, renal insufficiency, and urinary outflow obstruction. Perioperative Normal Saline Administration and Delayed Graft Function in Patients Undergoing Kidney Transplantation: A Retrospective Cohort Study Anesthesiology (October 2021) Effects of Sevoflurane and Isoflurane on Renal Function and on Possible Markers of Nephrotoxicity Creatinine is removed from the body by the kidneys. Cirrhosis is defined histologically as a diffuse hepatic process characterized by fibrosis and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. The medical definition of oliguria is an output below 500 ml per day but greater than 50 ml per day. However, the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) has suggested a standardized definition of In patients whose renal function depends upon the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (e.g., patients with severe congestive heart failure), treatment with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists has been associated with oliguria, progressive azotemia and, rarely, acute renal failure and death. As was shown for an isolated serum creatinine (sCr) increase, oliguria per se is also associated with increased mortality. For example, one study found an increased ICU mortality in oliguric patients without a change in sCr (8.8%), which was similar to an isolated increase in sCr (10.4%). Talk to our Chatbot to narrow down your search. In multiple-dose regimens, the total exposure to ramiprilat (AUC) in these patients is 3 to 4 times as large as it is in patients with normal renal function who receive similar doses. Urine Normal Values Urine normal values are: Urine substances to be checked Normal values Collection timings Significance Physical characteristics pH 4.7 to 7.7 Average = acidic 6.0 A random and fresh sample Urine pH never reaches 9 In the c Polyuria with normal BUN and creatinine. Oral Formulations: Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Blood creatinine increased, blood urea increased, glycosuria/glucose urine/glucose urine present. Individuals might experience other symptoms as well, depending on the cause of the decrease. They are the smallest blood vessels in the body: they convey blood between the arterioles and venules.These microvessels are the site of exchange of many substances with the interstitial Oliguria is considered to be a urinary output of less than 400 milliliters, which is less than about 13.5 ounces over the course of 24 hours. Collections. Oliguria is common in critically ill patients and may result from prerenal, renal, and postrenal causes. The authors prospectively studied 100 patients admitted to the ICU to determine the etiology of oliguria in Whenever there is an elevation in serum creatinine levels, renal dysfunction is usually suspected since the kidneys are responsible for the excretion of creatinine in the body. The absence of urine is known as anuria. Most of these patients do not develop renal failure. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may fall to very low levels in patients with acute intrinsic kidney injury (AKI). creatinine and urine output dened in the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria were not empirically derived. Talk to our Chatbot to narrow down your search. Empirical Relationships Among Oliguria, Creatinine, Mortality, and Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill. Intensive Care Medicine (2012). 1, 14, 15 It is a benign condition without clinical significance. The typical BUN/creatinine ratios for each type of AKI: Pre-renal greater than 20:1; Intrinsic renal Less than 10:1; Post-renal or normal 10 to 20:1. What Are Creatinine Tests Used For? Orthostatic proteinuria is the most common cause of proteinuria in children, especially in adolescent males. Does creatinine increase after surgery? The blood urea increased to 8.1 mmol/L (normal <7.1 mmol/L) and creatinine increased to 158 mol/L (normal <133 mol/L). Respiratory System: Cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary infiltrates. Normal Creatinine 62-106umol/L -> 0.062 0.106mmol/L (divide micromoles by 1000) The relationship of urea and creatine is dependent on serum laboratory units used to determine the cause of acute kidney injury. SVR less than or equal Furosemide is a loop diuretic that has been in use for decades. Novel biomarkers seem to enable the clinician to make early diagnosis of kidney damage, distinguishing between AKI and acute kidney failure. Check the full list of possible causes and conditions now! Assistant Professor Rush-PresbyterianSt. Oliguria with urine output below 05 mlkghr Increase in serum creatinine above from NURSING MISC at Johns Hopkins University The ADQI definition of oliguria is a urine output less than 0.3 mL/kg per hour for at least 24 hours. In people with suspected acute kidney injury (AKI) who do not require urgent admission to hospital, measure serum creatinine (or refer to a current result if this has already been done) and, taking into account the clinical context, compare with baseline. The bun creatinine ratio is a comparison between the concentration of two substances in the blood: creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (or BUN). Oliguria is urine output < 500 mL in 24 h in an adult or < 0.5 mL/kg/h in an adult or child (< 1 mL/kg/h in neonates). Our patient's over 18 years old - his urine output is 1.56 ml/kg/hr, which is within the normal range. BACKGROUND: In infants, oliguria is defined as a urine output of <1.5 mL/kg/h. Acute oliguria (excretion of less than 400 ml of urine per day) is often the earliest sign of impaired renal function and poses a diagnostic and management challenge to the clinician. Higher than normal creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) can be indicative of dehydration. Use the patient's age to determine if the urine output is within the normal range. Oliguria is the name for a condition in which the volume of urine generated by the body is abnormally low. Those with a mild increase that has developed slowly typically have no symptoms. Anuria refers to the absence of urine production. Diltiazem was administered within 60 hours of admission until serum creatinine fell into the normal range or stabilized. In infants, oliguria is defined as a urine output of <1.5 mL/kg/h. Version: Author's final manuscript. Although bumetanide can be used to induce diuresis in renal insufficiency, any marked increase in blood urea nitrogen or creatinine, or the development of oliguria during therapy of patients with progressive renal disease, is an indication for discontinuation of treatment with bumetanide. Clinicians routinely make inferences about both the presence of renal dysfunction and its cause. Creatinine is also a waste product that is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Key Points. Acute renal failure occurs when the serum creatinine level increases by 0.5 mg/dL or more within 2 weeks or less. Molecules such as NGAL or cystatin C may become altered well before creatinine or 1.1.1 Investigate for acute kidney injury, by measuring serum creatinine and comparing with baseline, oliguria (urine output less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour) Kidney damage, normal or increased GFR. The primary symptom of oliguria is producing less urine than normal. Physical findings include normal or slightly elevated blood pressure, peripheral edema (10%), pallor (common), and a skin rash suggesting leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Oliguria is decreased production of urine. Most of these patients do not develop renal failure. Individuals might experience other symptoms as well, depending on the cause of the decrease. Both blood and urine creatinine levels in elderly people tend to be high as a part of the normal aging process and also due to certain co Oliguria Urine output < 500ccs/day (about 20ccs/h) Average person excretes 600mOsm of Her creatinine has increased from a baseline of 0.6 mg/dl to now 1.3 mg/dl. In the US the urea is expressed as BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) in mg/dL. Oliguria is a subset of acute kidney injury defined by low urine output (<0.3-0.5 ml/kg/hr for several hours, or roughly <500 ml/day). ( 29156029) Although oliguria has traditionally often been interpreted as a surrogate for hypovolemia, this is not accurate. Use the lowest creatinine value within 7 days of In patients with chronic renal impairment (creatinine clearance £30 ml/min) both the AUC and peak plasma levels (C max) increased on average by approximately 73% for loratadine; and approximately by 120% for descarboethoxyloratadine, compared to individuals with normal renal function. It is clear that infection with certain viruses can make normal cells sensitive to the apoptosis-inducing activity of TNF. There are no risks involved in testing for creatinine levels in blood or urine. There are no risks involved in testing for creatinine levels in blood or urine. In patients with creatinine clearance <40 mL/min/1.73 m 2, peak levels of ramiprilat are approximately doubled, and trough levels may be as much as quintupled. Although clinical guidelines recommend defining AKI based on serum creatinine increase and oliguria, the validity and utility of the oliguric component of AKI definition remains largely unexplored. Anuria, oliguria, or significant impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance under 60 mL per minute or clinically significant elevated serum creatinine) are contraindications. To test creatinine levels in urine, urine needs to be collected over a period of 24 hours and the container has to be given at the laboratory for analysis.. Oliguria can arise as a result of the normal physiological response of the body or due to an underlying pathology affecting the kidney or urinary tract. The human body has a normal physiological mechanism of conserving fluids and electrolytes in episodes of hypovolemia. Creatinine is a waste product that gets created in the body when muscle tissue and proteins are broken down. By continuously varying creatinine/urine output thresholds as well as the observation period, we sought to investigate the empirical relationships among creatinine, oliguria, in-hospital The aim of our study was to assess the impact of oliguria on urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum cystatin C (CysC) levels in very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs) with a normal serum creatinine (Cr) level. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after liver transplantation and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Serum electrolytes such as sodium, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine should be measured to assist in determining the cause of oliguria. Normal levels of Creatinine are generally 0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL, but may differ based on your race and sex. See Creatinine clearance. Oliguria is considered to be a urinary output of less than 400 milliliters, which is less than about 13.5 ounces over the course of 24 hours. Serum electrolytes such as sodium, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine should be measured to assist in determining the cause of oliguria. Evaluation Complete blood count may show leukocytosis and anemia, inflammatory markers such as ESR and C-reactive protein are usually elevated, as are urea and serum creatinine. re. Oliguria is defined as urinary output less than 400 ml per day or less than 20 ml per hour and is one of the earliest signs of impaired renal function. Drug Interactions Luke's Medical Center Rush Medical College 1653 West Congress Parkway Chicago, Illinois 60612Director of Nephrology St. Francis Hospital 355 Ridge Avenue Evanston, Illinois 60202 Renal causes of oliguria arise as a result of tubular damage. BUN Creatinine Ratio. It means your normal urine output per hour should be anywhere between 33.3 and 83.3 ml. Normal range: Warning. Oliguria with urine output below 05 mlkghr Increase in serum creatinine above from NURSING MISC at Johns Hopkins University Capillaries are composed of only the tunica intima, consisting of a thin wall of simple squamous endothelial cells. How does ATN cause oliguria? To obtain a baseline value for the initial detection of acute kidney injury. [1] . If the patient concentrates urine in a normal fashion while consuming a regular Western diet, oliguria (for that person) is present at urine volumes <400 mL/day, or approximately 6 mL/kg body weight. Here, the difference between insult and dysfunction becomes evident. Oncologic. In those with greater levels or rapid onset, symptoms may include 1, Lots of different things can cause oliguria. It is important and requires investigation because it can be one of the earliest signs of renal failure; however in most cases it can be reversed. Anuria, sometimes called anuresis, is non-passage of urine; in practice, it is defined as the passage of less than 100 mL of urine in a day. This study examined the incidence and the impact It is a more extreme reduction than oliguria (hypouresis). Oliguria - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the Merck Manuals - Medical Professional Version. Treatment of this type of patient carries an increased risk of toxicity because of impaired excretion of the drug. These may be pre-renal (eg, hypovolaemia, hypotension), renal or post-renal (eg, obstruction). View chapter Purchase book. Normal intraabdominal pressure 5-7 mm Hg. B. Creatinine. 1432-1238. Oliguria is usually defined as urine output of less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour. how does creatinine reflect reflect GFR efficiency (what is normal creatinine) Creatinine should all be filtered out in the kidneys- there should not be excess amount of creatinine measures kidney function normal creatinine: 0.7-1.2 . However, clinicians must be aware of updates related to the Monitor closely and modify dose or discontinue for the following toxicities: bone marrow suppression, infection, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic, pulmonary, hypersensitivity and dermatologic.Methotrexate can cause embryo-fetal Oral route (Solution) Severe Toxic Reactions, Including Embryo-Fetal ToxicityMethotrexate can cause severe or fatal toxicities. INTRODUCTION. Frequency not reported: Oliguria, anuria, crystalluria, diuresis, dysuria, hematuria, urgency changes, abnormal elevations in urine protein levels Respiratory Frequency not reported : Cough, dyspnea /shortness of breath, pulmonary infiltrates/lung infiltration, epistaxis, eosinophilic/allergic alveolitis, wheezing [ Ref ] Mandelbaum, Tal et al. The general question "why is this patient passing no urine" comes up rather frequently. Methods: We documented urine output and daily serum creatinine concentration in patients admitted for more than 24 hours in seven intensive care units (ICUs) Diuresis and hypoglycemia have occurred in human patients receiving sulfonamides. Normal creatinine levels in the blood are 0.61.3 mg/dL. T. Mizota. The progression of liver injury to cirrhosis may occur over weeks to years. Molecules such as NGAL or cystatin C may become altered well before creatinine or oliguria signal a condition of reduced kidney function. Uremic syndrome can be defined as the terminal clinical manifestation of kidney failure (also called renal failure). Oliguria can arise as a result of the normal physiological response of the body or due to an underlying pathology affecting the kidney or urinary tract. Pure prerenal physiology is unusual in The primary signs and symptoms of oliguria are: 1. The normal range is 2.12.6 mmol/L (8.810.7 mg/dL, 4.35.2 mEq/L), with levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcemia. Dehydration: This is the most common Oliguria, or a decrease in urine output, can be both a symptom of specific health issues and a cause of kidney injury. Uremia is the term for high levels of urea in the blood. Use the lowest creatinine value within 7 days of the Output below 50 ml per day is referred to as anuria, or the absence of urine. Check the full list of possible causes and conditions now! Normal Urea 2.5-10.7mmol/L. Both blood and urine creatinine levels in elderly people tend to be high as a part of the normal aging process and also due to certain co The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may fall to very low levels in patients with acute intrinsic kidney injury (AKI). In fasted normal men, the mean bioavailability of Furosemide from Furosemide tablets and Furosemide oral solution is 64% and 60%, respectively, of that from an intravenous injection of the drug. Oliguria. Request PDF | Oliguria, creatinine and other biomarkers of acute kidney injury | Acute kidney injury (AKI) and fluid overload are conditions that require Oliguria is decreased production of urine. Purpose The observation periods and thresholds of serum creatinine and urine output defined in the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria were not empirically derived. Azotemia and oliguria represent not only disease, but also normal responses of the kidney to extracellular volume depletion or a decreased renal blood flow. Oliguria is when you pee less than usual. 3 Patients with acute oliguria that develops outside Anuria: Anuria represents an absence of urine. It can be defined as a urine output that is less than 500 mL/day in adults. As a result of the tubular damage, the kidney loses its normal function i.e., production of urine while excreting the waste metabolites. As outlined, consensus opinion defines oliguria as a urine output of < 0.5 ml/kg/h for more than 6 h. This threshold is predictive for AKI defined by increase in SCr in critically ill patients but recent findings in surgical patients question this threshold for the perioperative period. Urea is one of the primary components of urine. Serum creatinine level for men with normal kidney function is approximately 0.6 to 1.2mg/dL and between 0.5 A sudden decrease in GFR and oliguria are signs of AKI. 0342-4642. Oliguric phase (Oliguria): Urine output of patient falls to less than 400ml in 24hrs, Non-Oliguric phase (Non-Oliguria): Urine output of the patient is normal, Glomerular Filtration rate is low, Patient has Tubular Dysfunction , Anuric phase (Anuria): Patients do not pass any urine, The human body has a normal physiological mechanism of conserving fluids and electrolytes in episodes of hypovolemia.